1. Overview

The XLR connector (commonly called "Cannon connector") is a multi-pin circular connector widely used in professional audio, lighting control, and industrial applications. Renowned for high reliability, EMI resistance, and durability, its name originates from Cannon Electric's "X-series" products, with subsequent versions incorporating Latch mechanisms and Rubber seals (hence XLR).

2. Technical Specifications

Electrical Performance

• Shielding: Full metal shell + twisted pair design (effective against EMI/RFI)
• Contact Resistance: ≤10 mΩ (gold-plated contacts)
• Insulation Resistance: ≥500 MΩ (ambient temperature)
• Voltage Rating: 1.5 kV (between contacts)/3 kV (contact-to-shell)

Mechanical Performance

• Mating Cycles: ≥5,000 (IEC 61076-2-103 compliant)
• Locking Mechanism: Spring-loaded latch (prevents accidental disconnection)
• IP Rating: IP67/IP68 (waterproof models)

Environmental Tolerance

• Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C (industrial grade)
• Corrosion Resistance: Nickel-plated shell + rubber seals (suitable for humid/saline environments)

3. Types & Configurations

By Pin Count

• 3-Pin (XLR3): Standard balanced audio (microphones, mixers)
• 4/5-Pin: Lighting control (DMX512 protocol), multi-channel audio
• 7-Pin: Hybrid power+signal transmission (e.g., phantom power for tube microphones)

By Gender

• Male: Pinned connector (typically signal output)
• Female: Receptacle connector (typically signal input)

Special Variants

• Waterproof: Stainless steel shell + rubber seals (outdoor use)
• Mini XLR: Compact design (e.g., Tascam devices)

4. Materials

Housing

• Metal: Zinc/aluminum alloy (EMI shielding, impact resistance)
• Plastic: Nylon/ABS (lightweight, cost-effective)

Contacts

• Gold-Plated: Audio signals (low resistance, oxidation-resistant)
• Silver/Nickel-Plated: Industrial control (high-current applications)

Insulators

• PBT/PEEK: Heat-resistant, flame-retardant (UL94 V-0 certified)

5. Applications

• Professional Audio: Microphones, mixers, amplifiers (balanced signals)
• Lighting Control: DMX512 lighting systems (XLR5)
• Industrial: Sensor/Instrumentation connections
• Medical: High-precision imaging equipment

6. Soldering & Cable Compatibility

Recommended Cables

• Audio: Shielded twisted pair (e.g., Belden 8451, 22-24 AWG)
• Industrial: Multi-core shielded cable (≥50N tensile strength)

Soldering Guidelines

• Temperature: 350±20°C (lead-free solder)
• Duration: ≤3 seconds per joint

XLR3 Pinout

7. Selection Guide

Key Considerations

• Signal Type: Balanced/unbalanced audio, digital, power delivery
• Environment: IP rating, corrosion resistance
• Durability: Mating cycles, cable strain relief

Recommended Brands

• Premium: Neutrik (CH), Switchcraft (US)
• Budget: Amphenol (US), JST (JP)

Cost Optimization

• Use plastic housing for fixed installations
• Prioritize gold-plated contacts + metal shells for frequent mating

8. Comparison with Other Connectors

9. Troubleshooting & Maintenance